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| For more information on S&P 100 options, please
visit http://www.cboe.com/oex,
or click on the attached
paper in PDF format. |
Introduction |
|
S&P 100® options bring an added dimension to stock market
investing by giving you the ability to trade and invest on an entirely
different level. Instead of requiring you to focus on specific stocks,
S&P 100 options allow you to trade a large segment of the domestic
stock market with a single transaction.
To provide investors with added flexibility in managing large-cap
U.S. equity exposure, a number of S&P 100 options are now offered:
- Since 1983 investors have used cash-settled S&P 100 options
(ticker symbol OEX, with American-style exercise) to adjust their
equity portfolio exposure. More than one billion OEX options have
been traded, making the OEX one of the most popular equity portfolio
management tools in history.
- In February 2001 options on iSharesSM S&P 100 (ticker symbol
OEF, with American-style exercise) were introduced.
- In July 2001 the CBOE is introduced cash-settled S&P 100
options (ticker symbol XEO) with European-style exercise. Some
investors prefer this European-style feature, which means that
XEO may be exercised only on the day just prior to expiration,
and therefore XEO is not subject to the uncertainties involved
with possible early exercise.
- Investors wishing to mange long-term exposure can use 1/5 value
OEX LEAPS® or full-value XEO LEAPS®.
Bullish, bearish, and neutral investors can all use S&P 100
options to reflect their individual opinions of the S&P 100
market. You can trade index options for profit or protection, with
opportunities to adjust for up, down or unchanging markets. The
S&P 100 has established itself firmly as an active investment
tool. This popularity stems from four fundamental reasons for using
the broad market-based S&P 100:
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Simplicity |
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Investors are able to trade a broad market by making one S&P
100 trading decision rather than making the many decisions involved
with investing in numerous individual stocks.
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Insurance |
| S&P 100 options offer a convenient and easy way
to reduce the market risk of a broad market portfolio, without disrupting
the make-up of the portfolio. |
Predetermined risk |
| S&P 100 option purchasers risk only the premium
they pay for the option. The risk is both known and limited. |
Leverage |
|
Purchasing S&P 100 options, instead of buying or selling numerous
individual stocks, provides an investor with an additional opportunity
to use investment capital elsewhere. For a relatively small percentage
gain in the underlying index, an S&P 100 option can increase
in value by a multiple of that gain, assuming the correct option
series was selected.
The Standard & Poor's 100 Index is a capitalization-weighted
index based on 100 highly capitalized stocks from a broad range
of industries. More than one billion S&P 100 options contracts
have been traded since the CBOE launched the trading of options
on the OEX, the first cash-settled securities product, on March
11, 1983. On November 24, 1997, the index had a 2-for-1 split.
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Strategies |
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For some examples of strategies on options on the S&P 100 Index,
please click on any of the following:
OEF
Bullish -- Buy OEF Calls
OEX
OEX Bear Put Spread
XEO
Bullish -- XEO Short Put Spread
For more information on some of the many ways in which listed options
can help you manage your equity portfolio, please visit:
http://www.cboe.com/strategies/
http://www.cboe.com/protection
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Profit-and-loss Diagrams for Different Strategies |
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Example: Buy call
Market outlook: Bullish
Risk: Limited
Reward: Unlimited
Increase in Volatility: Helps position
Time Erosion: Hurts Position
|  | 
Example: Buy put
Market outlook: Bearish
Risk: Limited
Reward: Limited, but substantiated
Increase in Volatility: Helps position
Time Erosion: Hurts Position
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Example: Sell 1 call and buy 2 calls at higher strike
Market outlook: Bullish
Risk: Limited
Reward: Unlimited
Increase in Volatility: Typically helps position
Time Erosion: Typically hurts Position
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Example: Sell 1 put and buy 2 puts at a lower strike
Market outlook: Bearish
Risk: Limited
Reward: Limited, but substantial
Increase in Volatility: Typically helps position
Time Erosion: Typically hurts Position
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Example: Own 100 shares of stock, buy 1 put
Market outlook: Cautiously Bullish
Risk: Limited
Reward: Unlimited
Increase in Volatility: Helps position
Time Erosion: Hurts Position
Graph shows net stock and options position |  | 
Example: Buy 1 put, sell 1 call at higher strike
Market outlook: Bearish
Risk: Unlimited
Reward: Limited, but substantial
Increase in Volatility or Time Erosion: Helps or hurts depending
on strikes chosen
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Frequently Asked Questions Concerning S&P 100 Index Options |
What is the S&P 100? |
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The S&P 100 Index (ticker symbol OEX) is a capitalization-weighted
index, covering a broad range of industries. Each OEX index option
contract represents 100 times the current value of the Index. For
example, when the Index is at 600, the dollar value the index options
will cover will equal $60,000 (or 100--the multiplier--times 600).
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Who created the S&P 100 (ticker symbol OEX)? |
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The OEX was created by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)
and originally represented the top 100 stocks that traded on the
CBOE in 1983. However, Standard & Poor's now manages the S&P
100 and is responsible for the addition and deletion of securities.
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Who uses S&P 100 options? |
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Users of S&P 100 index options fall in two broad categories:
institutional asset managers and traders, and individual investors.
Individual investors who use S&P 100 options cover a broad
spectrum, from conservative blue-chip investors to more aggressive
stock market traders. However, depending upon your particular financial
goals and investment objectives, S&P 100 options may or may
not be right for you. You should seek professional investment advice;
please consult with your broker and/or financial advisor before
you invest in S&P 100 options.
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Why come to the CBOE to participate in movements of the broad stock
market? |
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S&P 100 option contracts are a proven financial instrument,
with an established and active market. S&P 100 options are traded
only at the Chicago Board Options Exchange, the world's first and
largest options exchange. S&P 100 options are cleared by the
Options Clearing Corporation, which has received a triple-A credit
rating. More than one billion S&P 100 contracts have been traded
since the CBOE launched the trading of OEX, the first cash-settled
securities product, on March 11, 1983.
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Is the settlement for S&P 100 options American-style or European-style? |
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Prior to 2001, S&P 100 options were American-style only. This
means they can be exercised on any business day prior to expiration
date. However, most other index options are European-style, meaning
that they may be exercised only during a specified period of time
just prior to its expiration. In 2001 the CBOE is introducing European-style
S&P 100 options (XEO), so that customers will be offered both
American- and European-style S&P 100 options. S&P 100 options,
available in each of the four nearby months, expire on a monthly
basis. The expiration date is the Saturday following the third Friday
of the expiration month. Settlement value is tied to the S&P
100 at expiration or to the value of the Index when the option is
exercised. This value is calculated by Standard and Poor's. OEX
options are cash-settled. This means that cash is delivered at settlement,
not securities.
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How is the Index calculated? |
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The index is calculated by the Standard & Poor's Corporation
and is capitalization-weighted. This means that it gives greater
weight to those stocks with greater market value. The market value
is determined by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by
the price per share.
The market value of all of the stocks in the index are added together
and divided by a "divisor", the result is the current
value of the S&P 100 Index. Capitalization weighting allows
for the index to accurately reflect the performance of the market's
largest and most popular stocks.
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Is the OEX similar to the Dow? Do the indexes move together? |
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No, OEX is not the Dow Jones Industrial Average! Both are popular
indexes and do share many stocks, but they differ significantly
in composition and weighting and therefore differ in movement. The
Dow consists only of 30 large industrial stocks and is a price-weighted
index. This means that the prices of the 30 stocks are totalled
and then divided by a divisor. The S&P 100, which OEX represents,
consists of 100 blue-chip stocks and is capitalization-weighted.
This means that the index reflects the performance of 100 of the
market's largest and most popular stocks. These differences can
cause the two indexes to differ significantly in terms of movement.
Over a long-range period of time they have moved in a similar pattern,
but on a day-to-day basis they can vary substantially.
The performance of OEX has a high correlation with the S&P
500 Index (SPX), which is the institutional benchmark for the domestic
equity market.
The five largest stocks (in terms of weighting) for some of the
key CBOE stock index products are shown in the tables below. While
the OEX, SPX, and NDX look to stock market capitalization for weighting
(and stocks such as GE, Microsoft, and Exxon have surpassed $300
billion in market capitalization), the Dow Jones Industrial Average
(DJX) is price-weighted and gives more weight to stocks with higher
prices.
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| General
Electric |
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7.9% |
Microsoft |
10.6% |
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| Microsoft
Corp |
 |
6.1% |
Intel |
5.9% |
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| Exxon Mobil
Corp |
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4.8% |
Qualcomm |
4.8% |
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| Citigroup
Inc |
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4.3% |
Cisco |
4.1% |
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| Pfizer Inc |
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4.1% |
Oracle |
3.8% |
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27.1% |
WMT |
29.1% |
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| General
Electric |
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4.4% |
Minn.
Mining |
7.4% |
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| Microsoft
Corp |
 |
3.4% |
IBM |
7.2% |
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| Exxon Mobil
Corp |
 |
2.7% |
Exxon Mobil |
5.5% |
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| Citigroup
Inc |
 |
2.4% |
United Technology |
4.6% |
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| Pfizer Inc |
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2.3% |
Microsoft |
4.5% |
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15.2% |
WMT |
29.2% |
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| Source: Bloomberg on July 3, 2001 (unofficial information) |
How often is the index recalculated during the trading day? |
| The index is calculated every 15 seconds by the Standard
and Poor's Corporation. |
How does exercise work regarding OEX options? |
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Although the value of your OEX options is based on the value of
the S&P 100 Index, you will not receive, or have to deliver,
stocks if you exercise the options. You will receive cash if the
option has value at expiration. This is known as cash-settlement.
This is a key difference between index options and equity options.
Equity options can be exercised as a means to buy or sell the underlying
stock. The process is different with index options because they
are cash-settled. When an OEX option is exercised, the holder receives
the in-the-money amount in cash.
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Specifications |
Three types of options on the S&P 100 will be offered at the CBOE
in 2001: |
1. American-style cash-settled S&P
100 (OEX), launched March 11, 1983
2. iShares
S&P 100 (OEF) launched February 7, 2001
3. European-style cash-settled S&P
100 (XEO)
Click
here if you would like to see the product specifications for index
options. |
Here are the contract specifications for the new European-style S&P
100TM Index Options: |
|
Symbol:
XEO (Index overflow symbols -- XEK, XEP, XET, XOE)
Underlying:
The Standard & Poor's 100 Index is a capitalization-weighted
index of 100 stocks from a broad range of industries. The component
stocks are weighted according to the total market value of their
outstanding shares. The impact of a component's price change is
proportional to the issue's total market value, which is the share
price times the number of shares outstanding. These are summed for
all 100 stocks and divided by a predetermined base value. The base
value for the S&P 100 Index is adjusted to reflect changes in
capitalization resulting from mergers, acquisitions, stock rights,
substitutions, etc.
Multiplier:
$100.
Strike Price Intervals:
Strike prices are listed with minimum intervals of 5 points. Strike
prices are listed in 10-point intervals in the far-term months.
Strike (Exercise) Prices:
In-, at- and out-of-the-money strike prices are initially listed.
New series are generally added when the underlying trades through
the highest or lowest strike price available.
Premium Quotation:
Stated in decimals, one point equals $100. Minimum tick for series
trading below $3 is 0.05 ($5.00) and for all other series, 0.10
($10.00).
Expiration Date:
Saturday following the third Friday of the expiration month.
Last Trading Day:
Trading in XEO options will ordinarily cease on the business day
(usually a Friday) preceding the expiration date.
Expiration Months:
Up to four near-term months plus up to one month on the March quarterly
cycle.
Exercise Style:
European - XEO options generally may be exercised only on the last
business day before expiration.
Settlement of Option Exercise:
The exercise-settlement value, OEX, is calculated using the
last (closing) reported sales price in the primary market of each
component stock on the last business day before the expiration date.
If a stock in the index does not open on the day on which the exercise
& settlement value is determined, the last reported sales price
in the primary market will be used in calculating the exercise-settlement
value. The exercise-settlement amount is equal to the difference
between the exercise-settlement value, OEX, and the exercise price
of the option, multiplied by $100. Exercise will result in delivery
of cash on the business day following expiration.
Position Limit:
No position and exercise limits are in effect. Each member (other
than a market-maker) or member organization that maintains an end
of day position in excess of 100,000 contracts in XEO for its proprietary
account or for the account of a customer shall report certain information
to the Department of Market Regulation. The member must report information
as to whether such position is hedged and, if so, a description
of the hedge employed. A report must be filed when an account initially
meets the aforementioned applicable threshold. Thereafter, a report
must be filed for each incremental increase of 25,000 contracts.
Reductions in an options position do not need to be reported. However,
any significant change to the hedge must be reported.
Margin:
Purchases of puts or calls with 9 months or less until expiration
must be paid for in full. Writers of uncovered puts or calls must
deposit / maintain 100% of the option proceeds* plus 15% of the
aggregate contract value (current index level x $100) minus the
amount by which the option is out-of-the-money, if any, subject
to a minimum for calls of option proceeds* plus 10% of the aggregate
contract value and a minimum for puts of option proceeds* plus 10%
of the aggregate exercise price amount. Additional margin may be
required pursuant to Exchange Rule 12.10.
(*For calculating maintenance margin, use option current market
value instead of option proceeds.)
Trading Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. Central Time (Chicago time).
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Charts & Graphs |
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| Year-end Prices |
| 1990 |
 |
26.34 |
155.22 |
330.22 |
132.2 |
200.53 |
20.05 |
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| 1991 |
 |
31.69 |
192.78 |
417.09 |
189.94 |
330.85 |
33.09 |
  |
| 1992 |
 |
33.01 |
198.32 |
435.71 |
221.01 |
360.18 |
36.02 |
  |
| 1993 |
 |
37.54 |
214.73 |
466.45 |
258.59 |
398.28 |
39.83 |
  |
| 1994 |
 |
38.34 |
214.32 |
459.27 |
250.36 |
404.27 |
40.43 |
  |
| 1995 |
 |
51.17 |
292.96 |
615.93 |
315.97 |
576.23 |
57.62 |
  |
| 1996 |
 |
64.48 |
359.99 |
740.74 |
362.61 |
821.36 |
82.14 |
  |
| 1997 |
 |
79.08 |
459.94 |
970.43 |
437.02 |
990.80 |
99.08 |
  |
| 1998 |
 |
91.81 |
604.03 |
1229.23 |
421.96 |
1836.01 |
183.60 |
  |
| 1999 |
 |
114.97 |
792.83 |
1469.25 |
504.75 |
3707.83 |
370.78 |
  |
| 2000 |
 |
107.88 |
686.45 |
1320.28 |
483.53 |
2341.70 |
234.17 |
  |
|
Yearly Price Changes |
| 1991 |
 |
20.3% |
24.2% |
26.3% |
43.7% |
65.0% |
65.0% |
  |
| 1992 |
 |
4.2% |
2.9% |
4.5% |
16.4% |
8.9% |
8.9% |
  |
| 1993 |
 |
13.7% |
8.3% |
7.1% |
17.0% |
10.6% |
10.6% |
  |
| 1994 |
 |
2.1% |
-0.2% |
-1.5% |
-3.2% |
1.5% |
1.5% |
  |
| 1995 |
 |
33.5% |
36.7% |
34.1% |
26.2% |
42.5% |
42.5% |
  |
| 1996 |
 |
26.0% |
22.9% |
20.3% |
14.8% |
42.5% |
42.5% |
  |
| 1997 |
 |
22.6% |
27.8% |
31.0% |
20.5% |
20.6% |
20.6% |
  |
| 1998 |
 |
16.1% |
31.3% |
26.7% |
-3.4% |
85.3% |
85.3% |
  |
| 1999 |
 |
25.2% |
31.3% |
19.5% |
19.6% |
102.0% |
102.0% |
  |
| 2000 |
 |
-6.2% |
-13.4% |
-10.1% |
-4.2% |
-36.8% |
-36.8% |
  |
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Volatility Index (VIX) |
|
One measure of the level of implied volatility in index options
is CBOE's Volatility Index, known by its ticker symbol VIX. VIX,
introduced by CBOE in 1993, measures the volatility of the U.S.
equity market. It provides investors with up-to-the-minute market
estimates of expected volatility by using real-time OEX index option
bid/ask quotes. This index is calculated by taking a weighted average
of the implied volatilities of eight OEX calls and puts. The chosen
options have an average time to maturity of 30 days. Consequently,
the VIX is intended to indicate the implied volatility of 30-day
index options. It is used by some traders as a general indication
of index option implied volatility. Implied volatility levels in
index options change frequently and substantially. Consequently,
when trading short-term index options, traders should forecast the
index level, the time period, and the volatility level. Traders
of long-term index options should also include a forecast of interest
rates.
For more information and data on volatility indexes click
here.
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iSharesSM S&P 100 (OEF) |
| Trading in iShares S&P 100 (OEF) began at the
CBOE on October 27, 2000, and trading in options on iShares S&P
100 began at the CBOE on February 7, 2001. OEF is an exchange-traded
fund that trades exclusively at CBOE. It seeks investment results
that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before
fees and expenses, of the S&P 100 Index.
At the launch of the OEF options, CBOE Chairman and CEO William
J. Brodsky said: "OEF options offer investors a cost-efficient
way to participate in the performance of the top 100 companies in
the United States. The deep, liquid markets found at the world's
largest options exchange make CBOE the ideal marketplace for this
exciting new product."
OEF options trade like stock options, are American-style exercise,
are settled by physical delivery, and trade in decimals. The options
trade in the OEX trading pit from 8:30 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. CST.
For more on iSharesSM S&P 100 (OEF) please:
See the attached iShares
S&P 100 pamphlet
See the attached iShares
prospectus.
Visit http://www.cboe.com/icontact/
Visit the Exchange-traded
Funds section of the Index Workbench
For some an example of an OEF strategy, see OEF
Bullish -- Buy OEF Calls

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Customer Testimonial |
|
What a portfolio manager says -
"Our
firm has been managing reduced-risk accounts hedged with S&P
100 index options for more than 15 years. The introduction of the
iShares S&P 100 provides us with added flexibility and risk
management opportunities. It's an advantage for us that, throughout
the day, we can buy and sell iShares -- passive basket investments
that can lower our basis risk and transaction costs."
Walter Sall
Chairman of Gateway Investment Advisers
manages $2.3 billion in assets.
For more information on S&P 100 options, please visit http://www.cboe.com/oex,
or click on the attached
paper in PDF format.
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